When it comes to toxicity, the naturalness of a given compound by no means provides an assurance of safety. Nature is highly adept at concocting all manner of highly dangerous toxins. Lead, uranium, arsenic, cyanide, ricin, amatoxin, tetrodotoxin, and botulinum toxin are all naturally occurring substances. Botulinum toxin is such a potent neurotoxin that under a single microgram (0.000001 grams) could kill an adult human if inhaled.
Naturally occurring psychoactive substances can also be highly toxic. Substances such as deliriant plants of the Solanaceous nightshade family pose great physical and psychological risks to those who ingest them, with there sometimes being little difference between an active and a lethal dose in some cases. These plants harbour the toxic tropane alkaloids atropine, scopolamine, and hyoscyamine, which have deliriant properties. The Indigenous cultures that use these plants tend to do so with great care, restricting their usage to carefully controlled and highly ritualised contexts.
LSD is distinct from psilocybin, mescaline, and DMT in that it is a semi-synthetic compound that isn’t found in nature, but is rather a hybrid of earth and lab. However, the blueprints for its molecular structure were largely laid down by nature. LSD was originally derived from the naturally occurring ergot alkaloid ergotamine by Swiss chemist Albert Hofmann. Ergotamine can be abundant in the ergot sclerotium, and it is a far more toxic compound than LSD. The ergot fungus from which it is sourced is also toxic in its raw form, responsible for mass poisonings and death over past centuries following its unwitting ingestion.
Ergotamine lacks LSD’s potent psychedelic effects, and its physical side effects can be severe, with risks rapidly ramping up with the dosage. Even recommended clinical dosages can pose a risk to sensitive individuals, and side effects may include vomiting, elevated blood pressure, changes to heart rate, and vasoconstriction, which can potentially be severe. In contrast, LSD – while possessing extraordinary power in imparting effects on the human psyche – is extraordinarily physiologically non-toxic, and physical overdose is unheard of. This is an extremely unusual quality for a substance to possess, setting it apart from virtually all other known compounds.
LSD is very similar to another naturally occurring alkaloid, ergine (also referred to as lysergic acid amide, or LSA), found in psychedelic morning glory plants. It differs in structure only by the replacement of two hydrogen atoms with two carbon atoms, or ethyl groups. Despite the similarity in their chemical structure, LSD and LSA differ wildly in their effects, with LSA having primarily sedative effects at the 2-3mg range, lacking LSD’s potency when it comes to impacting the psyche. It is a more toxic compound, with a much narrower margin of dosage safety than LSD, while possessing much heavier physical side effects. A consummate reminder that chemistry is a very exact science, particularly when the human brain is involved.
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